Bowlby’s Attachment Theory Essay example - 1156 Words

Bowlby’s attachment theory has greatly influenced practice. His theory of attachment explains the importance of having a figure that the child shares a strong bond with. Having an attachment can significantly support a child’s development as Barbara Woods suggests that â€Å"his theory of attachment proposed that attachment is innate in both infants and mothers, and that the formation of this attachment is crucial for the infants development† Wood, B (2001, p.53). Bowlby believed that forming an attachment will help a child develop in all areas e.g. emotionally, physical and mentally. However if they did not form an attachment in the sensitive period, the child may have issues or problems in their cognitive, emotional and social development.†¦show more content†¦If any problems occur to the child, they can return to their secure base which is their key worker, who can offer them comfort. Although key workers are not there for children who have not formed an attachment with their parents, they are they to offer support and comfort. The strength of Bowlby’s approach is that it has introduced the key worker system, which has helped a great deal with supporting children’s needs and development. Key workers can track their progress and plan and implement activities which promote their development. While working at my last year’s placement in a nursery setting, I was informed that each child had a key worker assigned to them. I observed that when parents would leave their children, some would cry and get upset, the key worker would then take them aside and comfort them or try to distract them. Having the key workers there for them made the child more emotionally secure. His theory has also influenced other child care practices such as hospitals. Parents are now able to stay with their children due to understanding their emotional development can be disrupted if their attachment figure is not with them through a difficult period of their life when they need support. â€Å"Parent’s were encouraged to be with the child in hospital: nursing care and the ward itself became child-centered† Wood, B (2001, p.60). Some research states that children need to have a good relationshipShow MoreRelatedBowlbys Theory Of Attachment1378 Words   |  6 PagesBowlby (1969) and his theory of attachment: An example of an extreme nature theorist is Bowlby (1969) and his theory of attachment. Bowlby believed that all mental health and behavioural problems could be linked to early childhood health. Bowlby’s theory suggests that all children are biologically pre-programmed to form relationships and attachments with others before they are even born for survival and that the fear of strangers in babies and young children represents an important survival mechanismRead MoreBowlbys Attachment Theory And Attachment1274 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Simply Psychology, Bowlby’s attachment theory says an individual can have an attachment with someone that is not shared. Attachment is characterized by behaviors in children such as seeking proximity with their attachment figure when upset. Bowlby’s experiments led him to see the importance of a child and mother relationship. (Saul McLeod, 2009) With more research later came four phases of attachment. Phase one is from birth to two months, this stage is where babies seek comfort, andRead MoreBowlbys Attachment Theory Essay1943 Words   |  8 PagesBowlbys Attachment Theory Findings form animal studies were a powerful influence on Bowlbys thoughts. He suggested too that there was a critical period for the development of attachments between infant and care giver. According to Bowlby infants display an innate tendency to become attached to one particular individual. He called this monotropy. He suggested this tendency was qualitatively different from any subsequent attachment a child might form. However, heRead MoreJohn Bowlbys Theories of Attachment Theory949 Words   |  4 Pagesdo not develop in a void or as â€Å"individual monads† but as members of interacting systems. Bowlby developed his theory on attachment for several decades, and at a time where any dealings with childhood trauma were still rigorously influenced by Freudian psychoanalysis through the likes of psychoanalysts such Anna Freud or Melanie Klein. Even Winnicott was â€Å"revulsed† upon reading Bowlbys papers (siegel). It certainly was a bitter pill to swallow for psychoanalysts who had been repeating since FreudRead MoreModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesModifications of Bowlbys Attachment Theory Bowlbys original theory of attachment was concerned with the bonding relationship that develops between an infant and his primary caregiver. He believed the process of bonding to have a biological basis as the genes of those infants who successfully sought the protection of a caregiver (from predators and other dangers) will have survived and been passed on. Bowlby also formulated the Maternal Deprivation hypothesis (1953)Read MoreJohn Bowlbys Attachment Theory Essay2161 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Bowlby’s attachment theory established that an infant’s earliest relationship with their primary caregiver or mother shaped their later development and characterized their human life, â€Å"from the cradle to the grave† (Bowlby, 1979, p. 129). The attachment style that an infant develops with their parent later reflects on their self-esteem, well-being and the romantic relationships that they form. Bowlby’s attachment theory had extensive research done by Mary Ainsworth, who studied the mother-infantRead MoreLearning Theory Of Attachment And The Other Being Bowlbys Evolution Theory1692 Words   |  7 Pageslater life. Attachment theories are studied and the effect of no attachment or disrupted attachment is studied and aimed to be resolved. John Bowlby defined attachment as the emotional and physical connection that makes two people stay close to o ne another. It is between children and their primary caregivers (Psychologistworld.com, 2016). This essay will discuss and evaluate two theories of attachment: one being Dollard and Miller’s learning theory of attachment and the other being Bowlby’s evolutionRead MoreJohn Bowlbys Path to Developing the Attachment Theory Essay593 Words   |  3 Pagesmany different theories on this subject, but a well-known theory is the Attachment Theory written by John Bowlby in the mid-twentieth century. John Bowlby born on February 26, 1907, was a twentieth century psychologist who contributed too many modern day psychoanalytic theories. At a young age he hardly saw his mother due to the fact that she believed, like many other mothers at that time, affection and attention would lead to spoiling of the child. So he developed a deep attachment to his nanny sinceRead MoreHow Has Bowlby’s Original Formulation of Attachment Theory Essay example2374 Words   |  10 PagesBowlby’s (1946) original formulation of attachment theory drew upon both psychoanalytic and ethol ogical theory and generated a significant amount of subsequent research. The core principle behind Bowlby’s theory was that the formation of a stable, healthy attachment with a caregiver in the early years of life is the key for an infants’ future emotional, social and cognitive development. Bowlby explained that this primary attachment relationship develops because infants need a mechanism to ensureRead MoreBowlbys Theory of Attachments854 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Bowlby’s Theory Attachment is a strong and emotional bond that develops over time between two individuals that is reciprocal. 1. THE THEORY * Bowlby’s theory suggests that attachment is evolutionary and is needed to aid survival. * He did observational research to link orphans with psychological damage. * Babies are helpless and rely on adults. They make instinctive decisions because they haven’t actually learnt anything yet. Bowlby said that babies must be genetically programmed

Business Plan Reviews & Tips

Business Plan Reviews & Tips Business Plan: No Longer a Mystery In that situation, you can dispense with details about the management group, funding requirements, and traction, and instead deal with the executive summary as a summary of the strategic direction of the business, to make sure that all team members are on the exact same page. If you conduct a suitable market survey half the job is finished. You need to have a plan as a way to get yourself organized, to make sure you have some sort of viable business potential, you've got focus and hopefully aren't likely to run out of money or starve before you get going. If things are going well, your plan can help you consider how you're able to re-invest in your company. You are going to need a business plan if you wish to secure investment or a loan from a financial institution. Your business plan should incorporate a summary of the sorts of advertising you want to shell out money on. A well written business program will vastly enhance the odds of your venture since they carefully look at all the facets of your business like start up costs, equipment required to provide a variety of varieties of services like exterior car washing, interior cleaning and car detailing and staffing requirements. Leading business plan writing companies will have accessibility to numerous databases to deliver the most updated research that can be found on the topic of car wash enterprise. Business Plan Ideas In truth, it might bethe most important partof your small business plan. Now you know the way to use a sample business plan to assist you compose a plan for your organization, it's time to get the most suitable one. Your company program will become your roadmap to chart the course of your company. A comprehensive small business program must also incorporate a set of financial projections for the business enterprise. Gossip, Deception and Business Plan Your solution is the item or service which you anticipat e offering to your customers. You not just want to start a web-based business wherever your presence is going to be seen by multi-millions of consumers, but you also wish to be that business which makes money! The Basics of Business Plan As part of your advertising program, you may rely on working closely with a different company in a sort of partnership. Project plans, sometimes called project frameworks, describe the goals of a specific project. In case the purpose of your company plan is to become funding, it's prudent to make sure your management plan involves an advisory board for a management resource. While the milestones and metrics chapter of your organization program might not be long, it's important that you take some time to appear forward and schedule the upcoming critical steps for your company. The Benefits of Business Plan Meeting all the requirements calls for a specific degree of qualified expertise and thus, it is better to employ expert small business pla n services for the exact same. The main value of your organization program is going to be to create a written outline that evaluates all elements of the financial viability of your business venture including a description and analysis of your company prospects. During the time you are driving your company, certain parameters might change. Business Plan Secrets That No One Else Knows About To acquire a tier 1 entrepreneur visa, it's required to submit a well-researched business program that's unique and adds value to the neighborhood economy. On the opposite end of the spectrum, a plan that's destined for the desk of a top venture capitalist is going to have high level of polish and will concentrate on the high-growth elements of the company and the experienced team that's going to deliver stunning outcomes. There are a number of reasons why your company may be uniquely qualified to be successful. Regardless of what kind of business you're starting, our step-by-step small busin ess planning software will supply you with the very best business plan template to acquire your new venture off the ground. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Business Plan Every startup and little company is unique, so you are going to want to prevent copying a sample plan word for word. At the peak of the webpage, right under your organization name, include a one-sentence summary of your business that sums up the essence of what you're doing. Contemplating that business plans serve many diverse purposes, it's not surprising that they are available in many diverse forms. Every business plan involves these components that are key aspects in earning your organization plan fuller and more effective.

Significance of Cultural Intelligence

Question: Discuss about the Significance of Cultural Intelligence. Answer: Overview Intelligence is defined to be that construct of which researchers use to explore misunderstandings between individuals because of cultural differences. Over the years tried socio-scientists as John Berry and Robert Sternberg amongst others have tried to properly elaborate the school of thought behind Intelligence. However, they have been able to point out the main approaches through which the idea can be studied. The approaches include social or cultural intelligence, emotional intelligence, artistic intelligence amongst other approaches have been very vital in understanding the whole idea of interactions between people from different cultural backgrounds. In our case, cultural intelligence can be used to show the ability of an individual to adapt into a new cultural environment where the behaviors and interpretations are so much different from what the individual knows. A person with such an attribute is said to be culturally intelligent. On the other hand, emotional intelligence is the ability to assess behaviors of other people and one self so as to distinguish between different emotions and either deem them worthy or not. The idea behind emotional Intelligence incorporates the whole idea of personality of an individual as the main reference point. It isolates the society from a person in question to understand his or her way of interacting with other people. However, we should note that it is the influence of the general society that will influence the behavior of an individual. Therefore, the school of thought behind emotional intelligence is very important for an individual developing cultural intelligence. Simply because the person studying can understand as to why an individual will have particular reactions when a certain aspect is done. Hence making him or her have, an upper hand in knowing why some certain aspects are done within his own are not accepted within the new environment. Therefore, for the said re ason, making the process of his or her acquisition of cultural intelligence easier. Introduction It is with such idea in mind that the paper tries to shade more light on the idea and adequately compare it to other approaches of emotional intelligence. In particularly, the paper will discuss the in-depth analysis of how the cultural can be improved within a working place and how it is important to our day to day interactions within the hallways and offices of our working spaces. Moreover, the paper is also showing how the aspect of emotional intelligence has an impact to a person studying the concept of cultural intelligence and the instances that the two approaches can work hand in hand with one another. Cultural Intelligence and How it is Applied In environments such as school or the office, there are often people who come from different cultural backgrounds. This means that they may speak a totally different language from what the majority population speaks. Cultural intelligence induces the ability to work effectively in areas with people from different cultures (Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L. 2015). However, cultural intelligence is not a skill that one is born with it is a mental construct that an individual can acquire by simply learning about the different cultures of people they are likely to interact with (Charmey, L. and Martin, J. 2013). How Individuals can Improve on their Cultural Intelligence Individuals can improve their cultural intelligence by simply learning about the different ethnicities that exist, through personal interactions with the communities practicing the cultures or by reading documented facts about the same. Such interactions with the communities can be enhanced better when you actually learn it in its original place of origin, since; an individual might not give you the exact picture about the practices that happen. An important aspect of culture that the approach looks at is language other than the social restrictions acquired in a peoples beliefs. The most important aspect of learning the cultural intelligence is that one has to appreciate the culture at hand to understand it better. Other aspects as ethnocentrism that can be developed by an individual are as a result of lack of appreciation of cultures that are not your own hence the feeling that your culture is more superior while others are backward in nature. Emotional intelligence involves recognizing that each has emotions that should be respected and considered. It involves being aware of self and others (Crowne, K. 2013). Therefore, emotional intelligence enables a person to manage himself and his relationship with others properly. When interacting with people, emotions will be involved at one point or another. The reactions in individuals can be either positive or negative simply depending on a persons socialization. Some individuals are naturally warm people and interacting with them gives one a sense of comfort. Moreover, people would love to be in their company. Other people have nothing positive to say and staying around them will belittle the person and largely create a bad mood. Understanding the emotions of others is important for there to be successful interaction. Again, Erez, M. et al are of the opinion that an individual who consider other peoples feelings is a good listener. S/he can listen to the needs of others and not only focus on himself. As such, a leader who can relate to people in this manner is likely to be respected, (Keung, E. and Rockinson-Szapkiw, A. 2013, 836-854). Significance of Cultural Intelligence The cultural intelligence idea helps promote proper communication between individuals in a workplace. While communicating, it is possible to say one thing and appear to be saying something different because of body language. Each needs to be aware of the posture and facial expressions and how they can be interpreted by others. Humans often communicate subconsciously or consciously. For this reason, it is important for one to send the exact intended message. Once one is aware of his emotions, the person can focus on positively directing his behavior (Li, M. er al., 2014, 32-50). One way of doing this is ensuring that what is communicated verbally is in sync with the body language. Subsequently, emotional intelligence is helpful in the workplace where there are numerous employees from different places: as it serves as a tool for self-evaluation regarding social interaction (Erez, M. et al., 2013). Notably, through the skill, people can develop other skills such as teamwork and communic ation; where working with different personalities is difficult but tolerance is easily developed in such situations. Additionally, social skills necessary for proper customer service can also be gained. Further, all these skills will enable employees to work effectively and within a good timeframe to realize an institution's set goals. The benefits of cultural intelligence in a business environment cannot go unnoticed since an individual with the knowledge can pass it on to others to bridge the knowledge gap that was in the organization. Through the socialization process, interpersonal relationships can be developed between multicultural groups. Having cultural intelligence helps get rid of the bias one may have towards a certain community hence reducing cases of ethnocentrism (Lucke, G. et al., 2014, 169-190). For instance, it may be assumed that certain individuals have a hot temper and working with them is considered tricky. Such an ideology should not be held against anyone especially if one person is to be blamed for that. Developing a level of cultural intelligence will need some bit of training. In other cases, the experience will serve as the best teacher. An individual who takes an interest in the cultures of others is more likely to learn about them. In addition, an employee can choose to observe them and ask questions where necessary. Some individuals are known to have traveled to different countries either for holiday or business reasons. If such people only keep to themselves and do not bother interacting with others, the trip will not be worthwhile. In most cases, one has to get out of his comfort zone to relat e with others. For instance, a less talkative person will be required to start a conversation with a stranger and keeps it going to get relevant information. An individual who only sticks to a particular group of friends may have to leave them for some time and interact with different people. Most of the time, the way people react is according to how they were brought up. Certain ideologies were taught from a young age, and for that reason, they are engraved in mind. It is necessary to look into how culture and background affect relationships with those from multicultural backgrounds. While learning about other cultures, one should keep an open mind. Failure to this one will not learn much as the interested party may develop biases towards certain people hence being ethnocentric. The fact that people do things differently does not mean that they are wrong. Each person should make an effort to find out why a community does things in a particular way and not in the common way, everyone is used to seeing. Those who want to develop cultural intelligence must first be motivated. As such, they need to be curious about what is going on in the ot her team and integrate it into their current system. Having an understanding of different cultures bears its advantages. These advantages should be enough to drive one team to learn about another with different cultures. Later on, a strategy to understand this different information should be developed. After learning this new information, learning to adapt is another skill that will need to be mastered (Matsumoto, D. and Juang, L. 2016). Training can be held in offices by employees who want their staff to do better. For this to happen a certain time in the day needs to be set aside for workers to learn. During this time, they will be relieved of their duties and engage in an interactive session geared towards boosting their interpersonal skills. Workshops can also be organized by professionals who can handle the topic. During the seminars, individuals can receive tips on how to develop cultural intelligence. Moreover, employees learn the different ways in which it is related to emotional intelligence. In such workshops, there is often a time for question sessions where attendees can have their queries aired and addressed (Siegling, A. et al., 2014, 65-68). Holding dialogs or conversations with a diverse group of people is rendered beneficial as it serves as a tool for socialization and enculturation. Nonetheless, the topic of discussion can be the different ways individuals can grasp these skills. Cultural intelligence promotes innovation or creativity within a work place. Cultural intelligence can be applied in schools, offices and any place where there is human interaction. In an office set up, a multicultural group is more advantageous than a homogenous group when it comes to performance. The ideas of the latter group cannot match those of people from different regions of the world. In situations that require creativity and innovation, the group with diverse members will do well. The same conclusion can also be derived when studying students in a certain school. Individuals from the same area are likely to come up with common ideas during group assignments that are familiar to them. Those from different regions may have surprises up their sleeves and obviously do better than the earlier team. Having conflicts between people is normal. Solving them becomes tricky when the people in conflict do not know how to relate to each other due to differences in culture. Cultural intelligence reduces misunderstanding within a work place. In case there was a language barrier, and a misunderstanding was developed, a person who properly understands the language can come in and explain what each team meant by what they said. At the end of it all, learning the foreign language may be a necessity to prevent such disagreements from happening again. When an attempt is made to understand a different culture, cohesiveness will develop among people. Each person will strive to do their best knowing that every other person wants the best for them. In times of conflict, there should be no bias against any team. In the long run, individuals develop respect towards each other. This is helpful in stressful situations whereby finding a solution is not easy. In areas where cultural intelligence is developed, there will be an increase in productive relationships. This is because people understand the needs of others. Therefore, it is important to develop cultural intelligence within a workplace since it has more of benefits into the company. It will not be a waste of a companys resources in terms of time and expenses but will add more gains into the outcome. Since it motivates unity in workplace other than other aspects of innovativeness and proper communication that makes the business have a very motivating environment to work. Bibliography Ang, S. and Van Dyne, L., 2015. Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Cabeza de Baca, T. and Figueredo, A.J., 2014. The cognitive ecology of Mexico: climatic and socio-cultural effects on life history strategies and cognitive abilities. Intelligence-Norwood-Mutidisciplinary Journal, 47(1), pp.63-71. Chaney, L. and Martin, J., 2013. Intercultural business communication. Pearson Higher Ed. Crowne, K.A., 2013. Cultural exposure, emotional intelligence, and cultural intelligence: An exploratory study. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 13(1), pp.5-22. Erez, M., Lisak, A., Harush, R., Glikson, E., Nouri, R. and Shokef, E., 2013. Going global: Developing management students' cultural intelligence and global identity in culturally diverse virtual teams. Academy of Management Learning Education, 12(3), pp.330-355. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013. Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Keung, E. and J. Rockinson-Szapkiw, A., 2013. The relationship between transformational leadership and cultural intelligence: A study of international school leaders. Journal of Educational Administration, 51(6), pp.836-854. Li, M., Mobley, W.H. and Kelly, A., 2013. When do global leaders learn best to develop cultural intelligence? An investigation of the moderating role of experiential learning style. Academy of Management Learning Education, 12(1), pp.32-50. Lcke, G., Kostova, T. and Roth, K., 2014. Multiculturalism from a cognitive perspective: Patterns and implications. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(2), pp.169-190. Matsumoto, D. and Juang, L., 2016. Culture and psychology. Nelson Education. McKay, I., 2014. Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia (No. 212). McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP. Siegling, A.B., Nielsen, C. and Petrides, K.V., 2014. Trait emotional intelligence and leadership in a European multinational company. Personality and Individual Differences, 65, pp.65-68. Ting?Toomey, S., 2015. Identity negotiation theory. The International Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Communication. Van Dyne, L. and Ang, S., 2016. Cultural intelligence. Group and Organization Management, 31, pp.20-26.

Slavery in America

By 1750, most slaves in America were not African born but America born. Several slaves worked in sugar, cotton and tobacco plantation. Very few of these slaves were African born, because the reduction in the importation of slaves from Africa.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Majority of these slaves were born in America, but they were descendants of Africans who were imported in America (Ira 112-115). During this time, there were three slavery systems. Slavery in South Carolina and Georgia low country was very harsh than the one in the Northern colonies. Most Slaves were imported from Africa to work on sugar, cotton and rice plantations. The slaves were forced to work in very harsh conditions including working in very hot marshy areas. they were affected by tropical diseases such as malaria which led to the death of several slaves. The number of enslaved populati on imported from Africa reduced in Chesapeake area, and in the Carolina Georgia low country. By 1750, the Chesapeake had the largest number of slaves in the mainland British America, but the majority of these slaves were American born or the Creoles. Slaves in Chesapeake enjoyed good working conditions with less exposure to subtropical diseases such as malaria and yellow fever (Edmund 111-112). Most of these Slaves were given permission by their slaveholders to have to choose their sex partners and subsequently give birth to children. Consequently the bearing of children naturally increased the number of slaves in this region leading to a reduction in number of slaves imported from Africa. Children worked with their parents in large plantations and lived with them in the slave cabins. This led to Creole slaves dominating this area (Allan 145-148). As the number of slaves imported from Africa reduced, the slave culture became more American. This led to the formation of African-Americ an communities in America. The whites less controlled these slaves. They were more exposed to the culture of the whites than those slaves from other regions. The American born slaves introduced Christianity on their traditional ceremonies such as emotional singing, and on death rituals (Edmund 111-112).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The slaves combined their musical instruments with American musical instruments to develop songs that expressed had African rhythm All these led to the development of Africa-American communities in America. The slaves who were born in America developed African American culture out of slavery. The development of afro-American culture had a significant effect on the establishment of African American communities (Ira 112-115). The new African-American culture influenced children of the white who were put under the care of black servants on the plantations. Ma ny of the African practices, values, and beliefs were blended with white culture. African American traditions were evident in American literature and religion and in other fields. The African American culture developed to become a significant part of American culture. African American culture led to a transformative impact on the American culture, which developed, into African-American communities (Allan 145-148). The culture of African slaves who were born in America has greatly influenced the American culture. The African-American communities were developed out of the American born slaves in America. Works Cited Edmund, Morgan. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial  Virginia. New York: Wiley, 1975. Print. Ira, Berlin. The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998. Print. This essay on Slavery in America was written and submitted by user Emerald WildBoar to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways

Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways BlueSky Airways is one of the leading companies in the British airline industry. The firm faces a number of challenges including stiff competition. This paper analyzes the position of the firm in the market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several airlines are competing for supremacy in the UK Short Haul Market. In the entire Europe, it is believed that UK significantly generates more air traffic as compared to other countries (Bamber von Nordenflytch 2009, p.20). Recent researches indicate that UK airports handle an annual average of two hundred and thirty million passengers. Some of the airlines competing for this market include easy Jet, Ryanair, British Airways, BlueSky Airways Flybe, bmi, bmibaby, Aer Lingus among others. These airlines fly from UK airports to other European destinations and vice versa (Lavery 2005, p. 63). The airlines atte mpt to lure more customers as well as ensuring creation of more value from its operations through building a competitive strategic advantage in the airline industry. In this industry, BlueSky Airways have opted to come up with a number of strategies that may help it improve its operations in addition to competing effectively in the aggressive environment (Mitchell, Coles Keane 2009, p. 77). Some of the policies formulated seem quite fundamental for building a strong strategic position in the turbulent airline market while others appear to bring negative impacts on the performance of BlueSky Company (Shapiro Varian 1999, p. 152). Michael Porter put forward three generic strategies namely: cost leadership, differentiation and focus (Porter 1996, p. 124). For any company aiming at outperforming other firms in the market, embracing either reduction of costs in its processes or differentiating the products or services is inevitable (Nag 2007, p. 938). However, Michael Porter also advoca ted for focus strategy if a market niche exist or where there is less competition in the market.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, Porter demonstrates the application of the value chain analysis for any firm in an attempt to create considerable value in its processes/activities. The primary activities include the inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing. Moreover, some support activities most probably assist in increasing the firm’s value resulting from the ongoing primary activities (Gladwell 2000, p. 66). The support activities include procurement, technology development, human resource management and firm’s infrastructure (Kim Mauborgne 2005, p.183). The approaches put forward endeavor to create a competitive advantage for various firms operating in diverse industries (Liebeskind 1996, p. 125). Regardi ng the above discussion, it is clear that BlueSky Airways had opted for service differentiation rather than cost reduction in gaining significant market share (Probst, Raub Romhardt 1999, p. 223). This was demonstrated by the unique services such as free refreshments for passengers, more legroom, better quality seats, baggage checking in addition to seat assignment. Conversely, it has appeared that other competitive firms in the market have focused on cost reduction. For instance, the leading airlines in the market, that is, easy Jet and Ryanair are said to derive their good performance from charging low freights, which can partly be explained by substantial reduction in its operational costs (Martin 1995, p. 45). However, it later on came to BlueSky Airways attention that lowering its fares, implementing self-service, check-in port and buy-on-board will extensively help BlueSky reposition itself in the market and hence compete effectively (Moore1995, p. 56). Although these might h ave positive effect on its performance, BlueSky Airways believe that the maintenance of travel agents, mixed fleet of aircrafts as well as offering back up services will help reduce frequent delays and cancellation of flights hence building a competitive advantage over its competitors (Hamel 2002, p. 137).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Effectiveness of BlueSky Airways specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, in the implementation of the proposed policies, a number of issues that needed to be fixed emerged among customers and the cabin crew. With the implementation of buy-on-board, the cabin crew complained that it compromises their professionalism. On the other hand, customers complain of the difficulties in operating the self-service kiosk ((Donelan1998, p. 123). They also feel uncomfortable with the high prices charged by BlueSky Airways. From the industry perspective, BlueSky Airways face stiff compe tition from the companies that employ cost leadership strategy in their operations. BlueSky Airways, which have embraced service differentiation strategy is likely to drag behind in the aggressive airline market as a result of the soaring number of price sensitive clients. The airline company has a number of primary activities such as warehousing passengers’ luggage, controlling the inflow and outflow of the luggage, flying customers to different destination points, advertising the quality of services offered to the customers as well as selling the airline tickets, offering services such as buy-on-board among others (Frank Cook 1995, p. 86). The support activities include outsourcing services of other companies in an attempt to reduce cancellation and delays of its own flights, use of technology through online booking of tickets, online payment of the charges, recruitment and training of cabinet crew and other staff members. The BlueSky Airways also receives great support fr om the restructured departments such as the accounting and finance department, which takes into consideration the amount spend in its operation and the resulting revenue (Scholes 2008, p. 167). It also evaluates on the best services to be employed by BlueSky Airways as it may have the potential effect of increasing its value and consequently earning it a strong strategic position. Other support departments include legal department and quality management (Stewart 1997, p. 105).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The support activities have the potential of increasing the corporate value of BlueSky Airways. For instance, the availability and accessibility of BlueSky Airways’ website ensures busy and distant clients are able to access the website for instant booking. Furthermore, online booking reduces expenses as well time wastage associated with the movement back and forth in an attempt to get an air ticket at the booking offices (Bates 1999, p. 112). However, a number of primary activities are perceived as not adding considerable benefits to the airline operation. For example, cabin crew claimed that buy-on-board would strongly affect their professionalism. This will accordingly influence the corporate image in terms of the professionalism of its employees. As a result, existing and prospective customers may opt to choose other airline companies. Therefore, it will be prudent for BlueSky Airways to employ other value-adding services in order to maintain the long lasting good public image portrayed by its Cabin crew in the entire British airline industry (Kaplan 1992, p. 123). To ensure high level of competency in the UK Short Haul Market the company should however embrace cost leadership strategy bearing in mind that a large number of airlines dominates the industry. Certainly, the leaders in this market such as easy Jet and Ryanair seem to do better in the market. Their great performance is derived from their constant strategy focused on targeting the large price sensitive market segment. This has seen its grand performance attract new investors into the two airline companies. On the other hand, the service differentiation seems to add more costs on the plane operational costs. The BlueSky Airways therefore analyze its primary activities such as flying of passengers from one destination to another and try as much as possible to reduce the costs by employing support activities such as technology. Technology is to be utilized in online booking of tickets as wel l as the payment of charges (Sveiby 1997, p. 91). List of References Bamber, GJ von Nordenflytch, A 2009, Up in the Air: How Airlines Can Improve Performance by Engaging their Employees, Cornell University Press, Ithaca. Bates, A 1999, Managing technological change: Strategies for college and university leaders, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Donelan, J 1998, â€Å"Value chain analysis: A strategic approach to cost management†, Journal of Cost Management, Vol. 7, Issue 15. Frank, R Cook, P 1995, The Winner Take All Society, Free Press, New York. Gladwell, M 2000, The Tipping Point, Little Brown, New York. Hamel, G 2002, Leading the Revolution, Plume (Penguin Books, New York. Kaplan, R 1992, â€Å"Activity-based systems: Measuring the costs of resource usage†, Accounting Horizons, V0l. 1, Issue 13. Kim, LM Mauborgne, C 2005, Blue Ocean Strategy, Harvard Business Press, Harvard. Lavery, B 2005, â€Å"International Business; Former Chief of Aer Lingus To Get British Airs Top Post†, The New York Times, Retrieved Liebeskind, JP 1996, â€Å"Knowledge, Strategy, and the Theory of the Firm†, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 17. Martin, J1995, The Great Transition: Using the Seven Disciplines of Enterprise Engineering, AMACOM, New York. Mitchell, J, Coles, C Keane, J 2009, â€Å"Upgrading along value chains: Strategies for poverty reduction in Latin America†, COPLA Global Overseas Development Institute, London. Moore, MH 1995, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Nag, R 2007, â€Å"what is strategic management, really? Inductive derivation of a consensus definition of the field†, Strategic Management Journal, Volume 28, Issue 9, pp 935–955. Porter, ME 1996, â€Å"What is strategy?† Harvard Business Review, Harvard. Probst, G, Raub, S Romhardt K 1999, Managing Knowledge, Wiley, London. Scholes, K 2008, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th edn, Essex, FT Pr entice Hall. Shapiro, C Varian, H 1999, Information Rules, Harard Business School Press, Boston. Stewart, T 1997, Intellectual Capital, Nicholas Brealey, London. Sveiby, KE 1997, The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and measuring knowledge-based assets, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco.

USS Texas (BB-35) Battleship in World War II

USS Texas (BB-35) Battleship in World War II USS Texas (BB-35) was an New York-class battleship that was commissioned into the U.S. Navy in 1914. After taking part in the American occupation of Veracruz later that year, Texas saw service in British waters during World War I. Modernized in the 1920s, the battleship was still in the fleet when the United States entered World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After performing convoy duty in the Atlantic, Texas took part in the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and the landings in  southern France later that summer. The battleship was transferred to the Pacific in November 1944 and aided in the final campaigns against the Japanese, including the invasion of Okinawa. Retired after the war, it is presently a museum ship outside Houston, TX. Design Construction Tracing its origins to the 1908 Newport Conference, the  New York-class of battleships was the U.S. Navys fifth type of dreadnought after the South Carolina- (BB-26/27), Delaware- (BB-28/29), Florida- (BB-30/31), and Wyoming-classes (BB-32/33). Central among the conferences findings was the requirement for ever larger calibers of main guns as foreign navies had begun using 13.5 guns. Though discussions commenced regarding the armament of the Florida- and  Wyoming-class ships, their construction advanced using the standard 12 guns. Complicating the debate was the fact that no U.S. dreadnought had entered service and designs were based on theory, war games, and experience with pre-dreadnought ships. In 1909, the General Board pushed forward designs for a battleship mounting 14 guns. A year later, the Bureau of Ordnance successfully tested a new gun of this size and Congress authorized the building of two ships. Shortly before construction began, the U.S. Senate Naval Affairs Committee attempted to have the size of the ships reduced as part of an attempt to cut the budget. These efforts were thwarted by Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer and both battleships moved forward as originally designed. Named USS  New York  (BB-34) and USS  Texas  (BB-35), the new ships mounted ten 14 guns in five twin turrets. These were situated with two forward and two aft in superfiring arrangements while the fifth turret was placed amidships. The secondary battery consisted of twenty-one 5 guns and four 21 torpedo tubes. The tubes were situated with two in the bow and two in the stern. No anti-aircraft guns were included in the initial design, but the rise of naval aviation saw the addition two 3 guns in 1916. USS Texas (BB-35) during sea trials, 1913.   U.S. Navy Propulsion for the  New York-class ships came from fourteen Babcock Wilcox coal-fired boilers powering dual-acting, vertical triple expansion steam engines. These turned two propellers and gave the vessels a speed of 21 knots.  The New York-class was the last class of battleships designed for the US Navy to utilize coal for fuel. Protection for the ships came from a 12 main armor belt with 6.5 covering the vessels casemates.   Construction of Texas was assigned to the Newport News Shipbuilding Company after the yard submitted a bid of $5,830,000 (exclusive of armament and armor). Work began on April 17, 1911, five months before New York was laid down in Brooklyn. Moving forward over the next thirteen months, the battleship entered the water on May 18, 1912, with Claudia Lyon, daughter of Colonel Cecil Lyon of Texas, serving as sponsor. Twenty-two months later, Texas entered service on March 12, 1914,  with Captain Albert W. Grant in command.  Commissioned a month earlier than New York, some initial confusion arose regarding the name of the class. USS Texas (BB-35) Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  Newport News ShipbuildingLaid Down:  April 17, 1911Launched:  May 18, 1912Commissioned:  March 12, 1914Fate:  Museum ship  Specifications (as built)Displacement:  27,000  tonsLength:  573  ft.Beam:  95.3  ft.Draft:  27  ft., 10.5 in.Propulsion:  14  Babcock and Wilcox  coal-fired boilers  with oil spray, triple expansion steam engines turning two propellersSpeed:  21  knotsComplement:  1,042  menArmament (as built)10  Ãƒâ€"  14-inch/45  caliber guns21 Ãâ€"  5/51 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" 21  torpedo tubes Early Service Departing Norfolk, Texas steamed for New York where its fire control equipment was installed. In May, the new battleship moved south to support operations during the American occupation of Veracruz. This occurred despite the fact that the battleship had not conducted a shakedown cruise and post-shakedown repair cycle. Remaining in Mexican waters for two months as part of Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletchers squadron, Texas briefly returned to New York in August before commencing routine operations with the Atlantic Fleet. In October, the battleship again arrived off the Mexican coast and briefly served as station ship at Tuxpan before proceeding to Galveston, TX where it received a set of silver from Texas Governor Oscar Colquitt. After a period in the yard at New York around the turn of the year, Texas rejoined the Atlantic Fleet. On May 25, the battleship, along with USS Louisiana (BB-19) and USS Michigan (BB-27), rendered aid to the stricken Holland-America liner Ryndam which had been rammed by another vessel. Through 1916, Texas moved through a routine training cycle before receiving two 3 anti-aircraft guns as well as directors and rangefinders for its main battery. World War I In the York River when the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Texas remained in the Chesapeake until August conducting exercises and working to train Naval Armed Guard gun crews for service about merchant vessels. After an overhaul at New York, the battleship moved up Long Island Sound and on the night of September 27 ran hard aground on Block Island. The accident was the result of Captain Victor Blue and his navigator turning too soon due to confusion regarding shore lights and the location of the channel through the mine field at the east end of Long Island Sound. USS Texas (BB-35) at Hampton Roads, VA, 1917.   U.S. Navy Pulled free three days later, Texas returned to New York for repairs. As a result, it was unable to sail in November with Rear Admiral Hugh Rodmans Battleship Division 9 which departed to reinforce Admiral Sir David Beattys British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. Despite the accident, Blue retained command of Texas and, due to connections to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, avoided a court-martial over the incident. Finally crossing the Atlantic in January 1918, Texas reinforced Rodmans force which was operating as the 6th Battle Squadron. While abroad, the battleship largely aided in protecting convoys in the North Sea.  On April 24, 1918, Texas sortied when the German High Seas Fleet was spotted moving towards Norway. Though the enemy was sighted, they could not be brought to battle. With the end of the conflict in November, Texas joined the fleet in escorting the High Seas Fleet into internment at Scapa Flow. The following month, the American battleship steamed south to escort President Woodrow Wilson, aboard the liner SS George Washington, into Brest, France as he traveled to the peace conference at Versailles. Interwar Years  Ã‚  Ã‚   Returning to home waters, Texas resumed peacetime operations with the Atlantic Fleet. On March 10, 1919, Lieutenant Edward McDonnell became the first man to fly an aircraft off an American battleship when he launched his Sopwith Camel from one of Texas turrets. Later that year, the battleships commander, Captain Nathan C. Twining, employed aircraft to spot for the vessels main battery.  Findings from these efforts supported the theory that air spotting was far superior to shipboard spotting and led to floatplanes being placed aboard American battleships and cruisers. In May, Texas acted a plane guard for a group of US Navy Curtiss NC aircraft that were attempting a trans-Atlantic flight. That July, Texas transferred to the Pacific to begin a five-year assignment with the Pacific Fleet.  Returning to the Atlantic in 1924, the battleship entered Norfolk Navy Yard the following year for a major modernization. This saw the replacement of the ships cage masts with tripod masts, installation of new oil-fired Bureau Express boilers, additions to the anti-aircraft armament, and placing of new fire control equipment. USS Texas (BB-35) undergoing modernization at Norfolk Navy Yard, 1926. National Archives and Records Administration Completed in November 1926, Texas was named flagship of the U.S. Fleet and commenced operations along the East Coast. In 1928, the battleship transported President Calvin Coolidge to Panama for the Pan-American Conference and then proceeded into the Pacific for maneuvers off Hawaii.  Following an overhaul at New York in 1929, Texas spent the next seven years moving through routine deployments in the Atlantic and Pacific.   Made flagship of the Training Detachment in 1937, it held this role for a year until becoming flagship of the Atlantic Squadron. During this period, much Texas operations centered on training activities including serving as a platform for midshipmen cruises for the U.S. Naval Academy. In December 1938, the battleship entered the yard for installation of the experimental RCA CXZ radar system. With the beginning of World War II in Europe, Texas received an assignment to the Neutrality Patrol to aid in safeguarding the western sea lanes from German submarines.  It then began escorting convoys of Lend-Lease material to the Allied nations. Made flagship of Admiral Ernest J. Kings Atlantic Fleet in February 1941, Texas saw its radar systems upgraded to the new RCA CXAM-1 system later that year.  Ã‚   World War II At Casco Bay, ME on December 7 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor,  Texas  remained in the North Atlantic until March when it entered the yard. While there, its secondary armament was reduced while additional anti-aircraft guns were installed.  Returning to active duty, the battleship resumed convoy escort duty until the fall of 1942. On November 8, Texas  arrived off Port Lyautey, Morocco where it provided fire support for Allied forces during the Operation Torch landings. It remained in action until November 11 and then returned to the United States.  Reassigned to convoy duty,  Texas  continued in this role until April 1944.   Remaining in British waters, Texas  commenced training to support the planned invasion of Normandy.  Sailing on June 3, the battleship pummeled targets around Omaha Beach and Pointe du Hoc three days later.  Providing intense naval gunfire support to Allied troops hitting the beaches,  Texas fired on enemy positions throughout the day. The battleship remained off the Norman coast until June 18 with its only departure a short run to Plymouth to rearm. USS Texas (BB-35) at sea, December 1942. National Archives and Records Administration Later that month, on June 25,  Texas, USS  Arkansas  (BB-33), and USS  Nevada  (BB-36) attacked German positions around Cherbourg. In exchanging fire with enemy batteries,  Texas sustained a shell hit which caused eleven casualties. Following repairs, at Plymouth the battleship began training for the invasion of southern France. After shifting to the Mediterranean in July,  Texas  approached the French coast on August 15. Providing fire support for the Operation Dragoon landings, the battleship struck targets until Allied troops advanced beyond range of its guns. Withdrawing on August 17,  Texas  sailed for Palermo before later departing for New York. Arriving in mid-September, the battleship entered the yard for a brief overhaul.  Ordered to the Pacific,  Texas sailed in November and touched in California before reaching Pearl Harbor the following month.  Pressing on to Ulithi, the battleship joined Allied forces and took part in the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945. Leaving Iwo Jima on March 7,  Texas  returned to Ulithi to prepare for the invasion of Okinawa. Attacking Okinawa on March 26, the battleship pounded targets for six days before the landings on April 1.  Once the troops were ashore,  Texas stayed in the area until mid-May providing fire support. Final Actions Retiring to the Philippines,  Texas  was there when the war ended  on August 15.  Returning to Okinawa, it remained there into September before embarking American troops for home as part of Operation Magic Carpet. Continuing in this mission through December,  Texas then sailed for Norfolk to prepare for deactivation. Taken to Baltimore, the battleship entered reserve status on June 18, 1946. The following year, the Texas Legislature created the Battleship Texas  Commission with the goal of preserving the ship as a museum. Raising the necessary funds, the Commission had  Texas  towed to the Houston Ship Channel near the San Jacinto Monument. Made flagship of the Texas Navy, the battleship remains open as a museum ship.  Texas was formally decommissioned on April 21, 1948.

Course Project Milestone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Course Project Milestone - Research Paper Example Most of her body systems are well and functioning as they should (Kotecki, 2011, p. 170). The areas of weakness are her related traits and habits, and experiences of mild headaches. There are times when the patient feels so stressed by her past experiences. B. Client’s strengths The patient is active and exercises on a daily basis. She jogs and is involved in some activities in the community. This helps her kip fit and good shape, something that has helped her keep off most diseases (Kotecki, 2011, p. 170). Another area of strength for the patient is her health patterns. The patient ensures that she eats a healthy diet, and does not oversleep (Kotecki, 2011, p. 174). More to that, the patient’s excretory system is normal. To deal with her stresses, the patient attends stress management classes where she learns how to avoid the stress from affecting her health. Another area of strength is that she is a spiritual woman and has a positive attitude towards life and all arou nd her. All these have helped the woman to remain and stable, keeping off diseases that are likely to attack her and especially at her age. C. Areas of concern The woman complained of a persistent pain under her breast bone that lasted for quite some time. She also complained of some difficulties in breathing which prompted her to visit the health facility. One area that may place the woman’s health at risk is her habit of smoking and taking of alcohol(Golden, Fred, Heath, & William, 2009, 34). The woman tends to smoke heavily especially when under a lot of stress. This could place her at risk of acquiring problems especially with her respiratory system. Another area of weakness is that the lady was diagnosed with hypertension. This makes even her habit of smoking more risky. The patient is also allergic to Penicillin, because years back, she had developed a rash after an injection had been administered to her years back. The patient has a history of depression and anxiety wh ich resulted after she lost her husband 10 years ago. Her anxiety is due to the fact that she has not seen her grandkids yet and this increases her chances of getting a heart attack. The patient suffers from mild headaches that could be a result of anxiety and depression. D. Health teaching topics The patient needs to be given more classes on how to deal and manage her levels of stress, so as to reduce the chances of having a heart attack or suffering from high hypertension levels. The patient will also need to be taught about the dangers associated with smoking and especially for a person with hypertension and at her age. 2: Nursing Care Plan Next, plan your care based on your analysis of your assessment data: A. Diagnosis The patient’s priorities are having the best health care services at an affordable price. She does all she can to ensure that she remains healthy and free from chronic diseases which she says are not worth wasting resources over. With this in mind, the bes t nursing diagnosis is the wellness nursing diagnosis. B. Plan One goal that the wellness nursing diagnosis is expected to meet is that the patient’s health gets improved and the hypertension levels kept low. The expected outcome is that the patient will be in a more stable state of health. It is also expected that the headaches will reduce and hypertension levels will remain low. C. Intervention Intervention 1: to define and state a desired BP by explaining hypertension and the effects it has on body. Rationale: To increase the

RELIGION AND THEOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

RELIGION AND THEOLOGY - Essay Example The motive is to prepare people to lead and make disciples of leadership. This paper will discuss the five essential activities that Michael describes in the book. This will also entail describing how these five essential activities are implemented relative to the questions asked. This will also entail description of the principles that a leader should live by in order to accomplish the mission. The paper will then outline the lessons learnt regarding the leadership for discipleship subject to the author of the paper. The author will also include the impact of these lessons in relation to the leadership practices. Michael (2010, 23) states that a good theory is what promotes and develops good ideas, which can be, later translated into excellent practices in leadership. In his encounter with the youths and missionaries, he developed the five essential activities that should be implemented in order to answer the five questions asked by the youths. In order to answer the questions asked , Michael developed five questions that would help bring into light the questions the rest asked. The first question was relating to the Christian education. The consideration put forth was answering what Christian education entailed. ... The fifth question revolved around people who were involved in the education process. The roles of these people and their background information were the key concern. Michael, within a period of a year, had formulated the essential activities that answered the five questions2. Interview Questions The first activity was meant to answer the question of Christian education. The essential activity was to define what discipleship comprised of in relation to the scriptures. The third activity involved preparing a plan to aid in the teaching and learning process. This answered the third question. The fourth activity involved establishing a condusive environment to streamline the education. This answered the question regarding the context or what was to be included. The fifth activity involved developing a heart to serve people. This answered the question regarding the people3. These activities were implemented in a number of ways. A plan was developed to ensure all the five activities were implemented. The plan was phrased to the young reformers. The group targeted was the youths who were in their final years in high school. This encompassed age between 20 and 30. The reason for choosing this group was due to the thought that they were least reached. The sermons were taken not to function on them, and attending services was not their common doctrine. The introduction of literature evangelism was a major capture of the age group4. The mission skeleton or guideline adopted by Michael was laying consideration on the assignment itself and vision on how it will be implemented. The goals and objectives and strategy for going about it were considered. These were the core values that were to be observed in the course of implementing the plan. The young

How Ethnic Groups Can Be Unified Essay Example for Free

How Ethnic Groups Can Be Unified Essay I would like to believe that I grew up very diversely. I attend an all foreign language program that was housed in my elementary / middle school and my mom allowed me to attend the Japanese classes up until the three grade when the program received funding for their own school. However, while I was in the program I was able to interact with a many different ethnic groups and because of my age and the fact that my mother raised me to be open-minded and well rounded I didn’t see a difference between myself and the other children in the class, in fact at the time I remember having a Mexican boyfriend and an Asian best friend. Because of my past I believe all ethnic groups can be unified if everyone can accept the fact that everyone is different and embrace everyone for their difference. The act of not liking someone because they are different is a learned behavior and children typical are learning this behavior from the adults around them and society views on that group of people. A simple and easy to understand example of how people are taught now to like each other is showed in most movies that make any reference to slavery. There is always a part of the movie where two little children, one being white and the other black, start out great friends but as time goes on they learn that they can’t be friends or date because one person is black and the other is white. I’d be naive to think that in my generation ethnic group unity will happen. 9-11 the US unified as a nation but we still had a negative view on one ethnic group for the actions of a individuals of that group. To this day I still know people who don’t care for Muslims as a whole because of 9-11. I do believe that things have gotten better over the year but only in some regions of the world. All I can do is raise my children the way that I was raised and hope that they treat everyone with respect no matter their ethnic background.

An Inspector Calls By J.B Priestley :: English Literature:

An Inspector Calls By J.B Priestley An Inspector calls beings with the Birling family celebrating Shelia's engagement to Gerald Croft, Mr Birlings friends son. In the beginning of the play the light is 'pink and intimate' until the unexpected arrival of the Inspector we find the light change symbolises start of an investigation put under the spotlight, being brought out of their own world into reality. The inspectors arrival is unexpected to the family 'some trouble about a warrant' Mr Birlings first thought to what the arrival of the inspector might be and shrugs it as if their could be no greater concern. The inspector explains his reason of why he is here. The inspector starts to question Mr Birling the head of the family. The inspector asks how Eva Smith was apart of Mr Birlings work. Mr Birling explains his involvement with Eva Smith of how she worked for him and asked for a pay rise and was fired from her job by Mr Birling. After the questioning of Mr Birling the inspector questions Shelia who is shown to an innocent girl, we out find after the questioning that it was Shelia who had Eva Smith fired from her second job because of her jealousy over Eva Smith. After revealing her involvement she starts to blame herself. But the inspector tells her that it wasn't her who made her commit suicide. At the end of act one we find Gerald in a sign of recognition when he hears the name Daisy Renton (Eva Smith's second name when she changed it to find herself a second job). Before the closing of the first act we see Shelia question Gerald where had he known Eva Smith. Gerald explains that he had known her from last summer. We see the irony when Shelia says 'I don't believe I will. (Half playful, half serious, to Gerald.) So you be careful.' She laughs at the fact that the 'important work' Gerald was at last summer was probably knows that Gerald was having an affair. After act one we find the irony of what was said by Gerald 'You seem to be a nice well-behaved family-' and Mr Birlings reply 'Well we think we are'. The exit of Eric shows us that there is more to Eric's involvement than the others which is hidden in Act one until the end because of his drunkenness the inspector leaves him last to be questioned. At the end of act one the audience is left at suspense when Gerald is approached by the inspector we find a great intensity

Charles Dickens’ “A Tale of Two Cities” Essay

Charles Dickens’ novel, A Tale of Two Cites, is a very rich text. The characters, plot, and writing style are all complex and multifaceted. However, one of the least studied and important part of this novel is the chapter titles and even the proposed novel titles. These titles reveal and expose more about the text, like symbolism and irony that would have otherwise been missed. Dickens’ chapter and proposed novel titles are instrumental in revealing symbolism and irony in the book. Dickens’ chapter titles reveal underlying symbolism in the novel. One of most symbolic of all the chapter titles is that of Book II, chapter five: â€Å"The Jackal.† The â€Å"jackal† is the nickname given to Sydney Carton, and it holds a great symbolic meaning. The jackal is a loner, a scavenger, a low-life in the hierarchy. Yet, the jackal is an incredibly adept at what it does; it is an excellent scavenger and hunter. Carton fits the chapter title perfectly. When we first see Carton, he is in the courtroom staring idly at the ceiling. He is unattached, just as he is later unattached from the Revolution and the rift between the Manettes and the Defarges, his manner in court is said to be â€Å"so careless as to be almost insolent.† Carton is continually a man set apart, just like the lonesome jackal. Carton, it must be noted, is one of the only main characters to not have a connection with the Revolution in some way. The ‘jackal’ and chapter title are a direct double of the ‘lion’, or Mr. Stryver. Stryver, though he lacks â€Å"that faculty of extracting the essence from a heap of statements†, is a highly successful man. Dickens notes that â€Å"easy and strong custom† is what prevents the â€Å"thought of emerging from the state of the lion’s jackal.† A second chapter title that exhibits symbolism is that of Book II, chapter fifteen: â€Å"Knitting.† In a literal sense, Madam Defarge knits a registry of those  marked to be killed in the revolution. When one of the Jacques questions the registry of stitches, M. Defarge assures him that â€Å"it will always be as plain to her as the sun.† At this point in the novel, it is clear that Madame Defarge possesses an anger and fury that knows no boundary. The knitting symbolizes the Defarge’s and the entirety of the Revolution’s hatred of aristocracy. Dickens tells the reader that the â€Å"fingers of the knitting women were vicious.† Additionally, we are also told that â€Å"if the bony fingers had been still, the stomachs would have more famine-pinched.† Thus, Dickens turns a casual and seemingly harmless pastime into a sinister and menacing symbol of hatred. Dickens turns this chapter title into a recurring symbol in Book III, chapter fourteen: â€Å"The Knitting Done,† in which Darnay is waiting to die, and Madame Defarge herself is killed by Mrs. Pross, bringing an end to her knitting. A third and final symbolic chapter title is that of Book III, chapter three: â€Å"The Shadow.† The symbol presented by this chapter title is somewhat similar to the ‘knitting’ symbol. However, while ‘knitting’ represent the hatred of French aristocracy, the ‘shadow’ represents the power that Madame Defarge and the revolution wield. When, Madame Defarge visits Lucie, the shadow she casts upon her and her child is said to be â€Å"so threatening and dark† that Lucie â€Å"instinctively kneeled on the ground beside her, and held her to her breast.† For Dickens, the shadow is the fierceness and the inescapable momentum that the revolution has. Hence, Madame Defarge, in the same chapter, mocks Lucie by asking if â€Å"the trouble of one wife and mother would be much to us now?† Dickens’ chapter titles exude symbolism. Dickens’ chapter titles are also very ironic. In Book II, chapter four: â€Å"Congratulatory,† Darnay has just won his treason case. Doctor Manatte, Lucie, Lorry, and Stryver all congratulate Darnay on the successful trial. After the group disperses, Carton invites Darnay, his look-alike, for a drink at the bar. At the bar, Carton asks Darnay if Darnay thinks that Carton likes him. When Darnay is unsure, Carton tells him: â€Å"I don’t think I do.† It is ironic that the title of the chapter is â€Å"Congratulatory†, yet Carton spends a large part of the chapter expelling the reasons why he doesn’t like Darnay, revealing Dicken’s ironic humor. In Book II, chapter twelve: â€Å"The Fellow of No Delicacy,† Stryver tries to win Lucie’s hand in  marriage. This chapter is ironic because Stryver has no delicacy at all, contrary to what the chapter title might have you thinking. The chapter reveals that Stryver is arrogant and dimwitted. Stryver decides to marry to place a â€Å"magnanimous bestowal of good fortune† upon Lucie, revealing his arrogant ways. Later, Stryver, speaking to Lorry, says â€Å"the young lady at present in question is a mincing fool,† insulting Lucie. Simply put, Stryver has no delicacy at all, illuminating Dickens’ tongue in cheek humor. A third and final chapter title that exhibits irony is the Book II, chapter 14: â€Å"The Honest Tradesman.† This chapter centers on Jerry Cruncher and his activities as a self-labeled â€Å"Resurrection Man.† Obviously, the irony is between the â€Å"honest tradesman† and Jerry’s midnight excursions in which he digs up buried bodies. Dickens’ chapter titles disclose a very ironic and satirical humor. While Dickens’ chapter titles are very appealing to examine, his proposed titles for the novel are very interesting to study, as well. One such title was â€Å"Buried Alive.† This proposed title definitely carries symbolic value. Buried alive, or solitary confinement, is certainly one of the major themes in the novel. Dr. Manett spends eighteen years in solitary confinement, and Darnay spends four years imprisoned in the Bastille, too. Dickens gives a frightening account of being buried alive. As the Defarges enter the Bastille, the tumult comes to them â€Å"in a dull, subdued way,† the sky could only â€Å"by stooping low and looking up.† Perhaps Dickens’ near obsession with imprisonment could be due to the child labor he faced as he grew up, working in various factories to try to repay his father’s debt. A second proposed title was â€Å"Memory Carton.† Memory plays a fascinating and symbolic role in this novel. When Dr. Manette learns Darnay’s true name, the memory sends him into shock once again. Reflecting on his nine-day, shoemaking fit: the doctor says, â€Å"Remembrance that was the first cause of the malady. Some intense associations of a most distressing nature were vividly recalled, I think.† Later on in the novel, memory plays a big role in Carton. The memory of his love for Lucie, his promise to â€Å"give my life to keep a life you love beside you,† causes him to make the ultimate sacrifice. Dickens’ proposed novel titles reveal are very symbolic. Dickens’ chapter titles and proposed novel titles reveal many underlying parts of the novel. Both symbolism and ironic humor are concealed within his clever and witty titles. Dickens’ tongue in cheek humor might have derived from all the hardships that he faced in life, from the child labor to the divorces and family issues. Either way, he is a fascinating author, and A Tale of Two Cities is a great piece of literature. Works Consulted: Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. Edited and with an introduction and notes by Richard Maxwell. London: Penguin Classics (2003) ISBN 978-0-141-43960-0 Orwell, George. â€Å"Charles Dickens†. In A Collection of Essays. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (1946) ISBN 0-15-618600-4

Compare and Contrast Egyptian and Mesopotamian Culture

The Mesopotamia Civilization and Egyptian Civilization, both at their prime around the same time had many similarities as well as many differences. Both civilizations brought ideas and processes into the world that impacted the development of other societies around the world. The Mesopotamia civilization was a theocracy ruled by a monarchy which they believed to be divine in origin, Meaning kings derived their power from the gods and were in direct connection with the gods. The religion of the people of Mesopotamia as polytheistic, as they worshiped over 3000 gods and goddesses.The people believed the gods and goddesses owned the cities so each city had a temple that was built with much wealth. The temples owned much of the land and livestock. The temple was the center of the city as well as a political and economical center. There was three main social classes, nobles, commoners and slaves. Nobles included royal and priestly officials and their families. Commoners were the nobles cl ients as they worked for the palace and temple as well as other common workers of the city. Slaves ere owned by palace officials and were used for building project and weaving.The economy was based on agriculture. The valley between the Tigris and Euphrates Is where the Mesopotamia peoples thrived. The river valley Is the main reason why the society survived and prospered being that their economy was based solely on agriculture. The law code of the people was based on the principle of retribution, (eye for an eye). The Egyptian Civilization was a theocracy as they had a king thought to have a divine connection with the gods. Egyptians were a polytheistic peoples the worship any gods with two specific groups being the sun gods and land gods.The Egyptian religion was apart of everyday life and could be no other way, pleasing the gods was most Important. The Egyptian social class was God-king, nobles and priests, merchants and artisans, serfs and common people. Egyptians were content w ith their everyday life. They married young and established home and family. The two civilizations were very similar In ways. Both societies had a polytheistic religion and both had kings who had a delve connection with the gods. The social classes of both were similar the differences were the Egyptians had a class of recreants and artisans a class above the common people.The traditions are very different as the Egyptians were very extravagant In their celebration of death and preparation of kings and company going Into the afterlife. Both societies thrived In a river valley environment, both used agriculture to support the people both physically and economically. Also because of their locations other peoples wanted the land for Its fertility so each society has Its share of conflicts. Both societies has a writing form. Women. Men were seen as the head of household and the women here to care for the children and the home.

15 Major Career Lessons to Learn When Youre Starting Out

15 Major Career Lessons to Learn When Youre Starting Out If done right, a career is a long string of learning opportunities. No one knows everything (despite what they may think or tell you), and the people who are best at what they do understand that there is always something new to be learned- about the job, about the field, about the people. Much of this knowledge is something you have to learn as you go. But there are also a number of realities and hard-fought realizations from others that can make your work life easier as you move through it. 1. Grab opportunities as they come.This one may seem like a no-brainer, but it can be hard to spot opportunities in the wild. It can be harder still to sacrifice a stable status quo to go for one. If you come across a job opening that would be great, if only the timing weren’t a little off, or you meet someone who would be a great network member, if only you had time to grab that drink with them- try not to let those slip by. Inertia can be a choice too (albeit a default one), and you shou ld try to make as many active choices as possible. Your career is yours, and yours alone. Nothing will happen unless you put in the effort to find and take advantage of potential stepping stones.2. Don’t worry about the small stuff.If you’re holding people’s lives in your hands as a healthcare provider or crossing guard, then yes- sweat the small stuff. But if you’re like many of us who have careers that do not directly impact anyone else’s safety, obsessing over small details and mistakes is unlikely to have a major impact. Do the best job you can do, and move on- obsessing over minutiae can distract you from what you really need to be accomplishing.3. Life is short.Wednesdays or staff meetings may seem awfully long sometimes, but in the grand scheme of things, they are not especially long-lasting. It’s important to keep in mind that sticking around around in a bad or unfulfilling work situation (or life situation, for that matter) is not i n your best interest, because it’s time you could have spent being happier and more productive.4. Look away from the screens.Technology is fantastic, and has made virtually every aspect of our lives easier in some respects. That doesn’t mean we don’t need breaks from our many screens every day. Build time into your workday to talk with colleagues about a project instead of emailing, or get away from your desk for a bit. Your eyes- and your stress level- will thank you.5. Make genuine connections.Sites like LinkedIn and other career networking sites are fantastic- they keep us posted on professional development opportunities, and what our networks are up to. However, these digital connections shouldn’t be mistaken for the real thing. Whenever you can, set up time with key members of your network, just to grab a coffee and talk. Even an email can work if they’re not local, as long as it’s personal, individual outreach.6. Challenge yourself.We all have comfort zones: areas of things we know we do well, and feel comfortable doing. Doing things well is going to be an asset to your career, obviously, but you should also not be afraid to experiment with new things that aren’t in that comfort zone. Take on side projects that need you to stretch your skills a little. Take a class in something you never even considered learning before. And if you find yourself saying â€Å"no† to something, ask yourself why, and maybe reconsider.7. Success is not overnight.Especially when you’re just starting out, not having a lot of tangible success up front can be frustrating. But remember: very few people (some Silicon Valley startup wizards aside) see success right away. Career success almost always = hard work + time.8. Neglected networks are not networks.If you just hit someone up when you need job leads, that’s not much of a relationship. Make sure your network is current. Let people know what you’re up to, and ask what they’re up to as well. Engage by sharing articles or information about your field. Send out holiday cards once a year (digital or analog ones) to stay on people’s radar. If you’re just a faceless connection on a website, how useful is that to you or anyone else?9. Your job is not worth your health.Stress can have very real, very unfortunate effects on your health can well-being, like depression, anxiety, lack of sleep, and any number of small issues that can be swept away or dismissed until they’re severe. If you’re sick more often than you used to be, or find yourself waking up at 3 a.m. panicking about whether you sent that email or not, that is not a good situation. Similarly, if you find that your job is taking necessary time away from your family, or making it so that you have very little down time, it may be time to look for something more friendly to creating a work-life balance.10. Advocate for yourself.Learning how to nego tiate is one of the most important things you can do for your career. You are truly your own best advocate, because you know your interests best. Knowing how to negotiate for raises, promotions, or salary will help you take control over your career.11. Failure isn’t forever.Mistakes suck, and they can be humiliating- especially if they lead to losing your job, or other major consequences. But no matter what happened, you can bounce back if you don’t get stuck in the mindset of branding yourself as a â€Å"failure.† Learning from past mistakes, and making changes so that those mistakes don’t get repeated, are actually leadership skills. But you don’t have to take my word for it: plenty of big names have suffered significant failures, and bounced back.12. Diversify yourself.You don’t have to be expert at everything, but try to be good at a lot of different things. That can mean taking classes to build some skills you’ll need to level up at work, or finding a new hobby that lets you build up skills outside of work. The goal is to become someone who can apply skills across a number of different disciplines. Now, more than ever, companies are looking for flexible employees who can solve problems in many different areas.13. Don’t be a lone wolf.Being a good team member is one of the top things hiring managers and recruiters look for in a job candidate. Someone can have all the awesome job skills and experience in the world, but still be a horror show to work with. Companies are looking for people who fit in harmoniously, because conflict is usually a drain on employee productivity, morale, and all the other factors that companies rely on to keep their business moving.14. Make time for things that make you happy.This doesn’t mean playing Candy Crush in the middle of the work day, or quitting your job to follow your favorite band on their European tour. It does mean finding a work-life balance where you ha ve time to volunteer instead of answering emails after hours, or work on creative projects that you just haven’t had the time to do lately. Having outlets other than work can not only help your stress levels, but can also help you become more creative about professional matters while your brain is busy thinking of other things.15. Tearing others down won’t build you up.So when people ask what my favorite movie is, I usually say Caslablanca or another Official Classic. Off the record, my favorite movie is Mean Girls. Why? Because Tina Fey’s truth bomb of a movie held a lot of wisdom about how we interact with people, and how we navigate relationships at all stages of life, not just high school. One of my biggest takeaways from the movie was that your own success and peace of mind are our own, and aren’t helped along by being vicious to others out of a sense of competition. Your colleagues are your team members, they’re not standing in the way of you r success. So it’s important to make sure that you’re not trying to get ahead by slagging others, or making them feel bad. Being a positive team member will get you much further than being the one who throws everyone under the bus.If you’ve found any other bits of wisdom on your career journey, we’d love to hear about it!

Top 5 School Administrator Interview Questions

Top 5 School Administrator Interview Questions You know that whatever job you’re seeking, we have you covered on how to tackle interview questions- the good ones, the bad ones, and the ugly ones. You may know what general pitfalls to avoid, but what if you’re going into a very specific field as a school administrator? Your interview isn’t likely to be one-size-fits-all, so we’ve got you covered there, too. Let’s look at some common interview questions you may see in your job interview, and how to face them. 1. Why do you want to be a school administrator?This is one you’re likely to see if you’re already a teacher, looking to move into a leadership administrative role. And if the answer to this question were a simple â€Å"fame and fortune,† you probably wouldn’t have chosen the challenging, rewarding-but-not-super-glamorous path of becoming an educator in the first place, right? This is a question where you can draw on the legitimate reasons you chose to teach in the first place, and be honest about what is making you strive for more.For this question, it’s good to have at least two reasons in your back pocket, so you’re not scrambling on interview day.Some examples:I am ready for more of a leadership role in shaping educational process and policy for all students.As much as I’ve loved the classroom experience, I want to focus more on big picture education questions.I want to work more directly with students and their families on discipline and their progress in school.I want to build on my expertise in maximizing resources and curriculum planning as a vice principal.2. What are your professional goals for the next 5 to 10 years?This is a question designed to gauge your commitment. After all, you’re applying for a role that has significant impact on the school, and potentially the community. If the interviewer thinks you’re a turnover risk, or looking to jump as soon as something better comes along, that will hurt your chances of snagging this job.For this question, be as specific as possible. If you’re interviewing for an administrative role at a particular school, include information that shows you’ve thought about what you can bring to the school itself. Using specific goals (and statistics, if you can find them) will show that you’re a thoughtful, committed candidate who isn’t just applying to every administrative position he or she can find.Some examples:I’m committed to raising the school’s state standardized math test score average raised by at least five points over 2017’s average score.I’d really like to see the school’s technology program fully brought online with our peers, supplementing our curriculum with updated computers and new devices to keep our students competitive. Ideally, I’d want to implement this program by 2022.With graduation rates dipping over the past few years, my main goal is to turn that around, and make sure that students are receiving the resources they need to graduate on time.Because studies have shown that students who play instruments perform better on standardized tests, my pet project is to implement a district-wide music program that encourages students to learn and appreciate music as part of a balanced curriculum.3. Describe how you would deal with budget cuts.As an educator, you probably know all too well the challenges of trying to accomplish your educational goals with a limited budget, or with year-to-year fluctuations handed down from your state. Budget issues are a fact of life in education, and they’re often an even harsher fact of life for an administrator, who may have to make difficult, impartial decisions about how and where resources are used. The pressure is real, and the interviewer wants to make sure you’re up to that task, should it arise.For this question, start with any real-life examples you have, of a time you were faced with making professional choices at school based on resources.Some examples:I’ve actually faced this in my career before. It is never easy, but I found myself making changes to my science lesson plans based on a lack of funding for lab equipment. Instead, we used a â€Å"virtual lab† that allowed students to conduct their chemistry experiments digitally.As an administrator, my priority would be keeping the core curriculum intact. My first step would be locating opportunities where we can streamline the support and non-essential budgets, perhaps by using more digital processes, or implementing cost-cutting measures for extracurricular activities. 4. How would you engage students’ parents as active participants in their children’s education?This question is meant to gauge your public relations skills. Parent relationships can make or break an administrator- without their trust and engagement, it can be difficult to accomplish the school’s goals. This is also a chance to see how you adapt to dealing with different kinds of people- from non-involved parents to helicopter parents who may be camped out outside your office to discuss the issue du jour affecting their student. And with more diverse communities means more diverse students and families, so this question is also a chance to showcase your ability to engage people across cultural, socioeconomic, or language lines.For this question, use at least one specific instance of a time you engaged a student’s parents as part of the classroom. You can also mention how engaging parents and community members factor into your own goals as an administrator.For parent-teacher conferences, I created an infographic for each student, which I then reviewed with the parents. It was a fun, visual way to show what their student was learning and doing, and what I thought we could do better.I would really like to host a series of monthly town-hall meetings, with all parents (and interested community members) invited to talk about new initiatives at the school, get feedback, and make sure voices are heard.Participation in the Parent-Teacher Organization at this school has steadily fallen for the past few years, so I would be committed to getting the participation rate up by having more frequent meetings, and opening up an online forum so that parents can participate fully even if their schedules don’t allow them to come to the school for meetings. I want to update the format so that we can get as many parents involved as possible, even as they are juggling many priorities for their families. 5. Why should we hire you over other applicants who have similar backgrounds?The interviewer has your CV right in front of them. They know that you graduated summa cum laude, or that you were the Teacher of the Year four years running. This is more of a free-form answer, designed to see how you see yourself as an applicant. And it’s a tough one- it’s a danger spot for getting caught in the headlights while you try to come up with what makes you special.For this questions, the key is to prepare an answer, but not make it sound too canned or rehearsed. Think about what you bring to the table that no one else does, and your core values.For example:My parents emigrated to this country 40 years ago, and through my family’s struggles and successes, I’ve learned how much can be accomplished through effort and hard work. That’s a perspective I bring to my school every day.As much as I’ve loved teaching, I’ve discovered that my real passion is working on fundraising and building awareness for the wonderful things happening in the classroom. I am a tireless advocate for improvement, inside the classroom and out.My experience as a teacher working with special needs students has taught me that students need a strong advocate and guiding hand, maximizing their resources and opportunities so that they can thrive and learn.The best approach you can take to your interview for a school administration position: be yourself. Your resume and list of accomplishments are great, and essential parts of the hiring process. But by the time you get to the interview stage, they already know those things about you. This is your chance to fill in any gaps, and tell the stories that have helped to shape the professional you are today. Your goals, your vision, your leadership skills, your problem-solving skills- these are all fair game, and are likely to come up as part of the process. It’s definitely in your best interest to come up with a stash of go-to stories that you can bust out without having to pause too much. And don’t be afraid to tell stories that show you in a less-than-stellar light, as long as you can explain what you learned from them, and how they affected your path as an educator. This is your chance to shine, and we know you will!

Write Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Write - Essay Example One of the most crucial qualities of the mature student is self-denial, which refers with restricting oneself self by mean of determination. Self-denial is related with controlling oneself from seducement and enticement. Mature student needs to be enough confident about what he has to do, avoid and overcome in terms of attaining a good career or to lead a better social life. Though, many people in the society interrelate Self-denial with self-discipline that completely an opposite approach because self-denial is not about making rules and regulations, and following them by restricting yourself in some particular aspects. But it is the manner by which student can create a particular order and strategy to achieve his goal in his academic parameters (Anon., 2012). It can easily be observed that every individual has their particular aim and goal with grand prospect that he endeavor to achieve. But, in order to achieve those intents, there is huge self-determination required that can only be possible by the implication of self-denial. In other words, self-denial can also be referred as refusing yourself in terms of controlling and managing impulse. The fact that needs to be understood by mature student is that, nothing is perfect in this world. So in this manner, many obstacles in mistakes can be overcome and modified by taking respective measures on the right time. If a person desires to achieve his goal, then there is a need of proper and core determination for its accomplishment that is another quality of the mature student. Determination refers with efficient effort and proper practice as goals and aims with great prospect cannot be achieved and fulfilled only by taking decision. The concept of determination and related characteristic can be found in different cultures such as in China, there is a famous tale regarding determination known as ‘The Foolish Old Man Removed the Mountain, that depicts several characters specifically the spirits of

The Rule of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Rule of Law - Essay Example Nevertheless, under all contexts that the concept of the Rule of Law should be applied, it anticipates two major aspects; fairness and equality. The meaning of the Rule of Law can be broken down into different contexts, where the first two contexts adheres to the proposition by Webley & Samuels, 2012, that â€Å"The rule of law is a doctrine†, while the third context in which the Rule of Law can derive its meaning, is pitched on the other proposition by Webley & Samuels, 2012, that â€Å"The rule of law is a theory†. Thus, the Rule of Law can be applied in the first context to mean â€Å"according to the law†. Under this context, the Rule of Law is then applied to mean that no individual, regardless of the social status or the position of power they hold in the society, can be subject to a form of punishment that is not in accordance with laws that are well established and clearly and procedurally defined3. This context of the application of the rule of law there fore means that any criminal charges leveled against an entity, be it an individual, a group or an organization must be in line with laws that are well-established and which are clearly understood by the entity, and whose procedure is well known. Therefore, this context of the law anticipates the application of the law to be aligned with the existing doctrines. This prevents an individual or an entity from being punished for any violation that is not punishable by the law4. Relevant case: Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 U.S. 156, 92 S. Ct. 839, 31 L. Ed. 2d 110 [1972] The Papachristou v. Jacksonville is case in relation to a vagrancy ordinance enacted by the city of Jacksonville in Florida State, where the law prohibited a large form of freelance activities, which included strolling, wandering and moving from place to place, without any lawful intent or object5. The defendant, Papachristou, was among eight other individuals that were arrested and charged with vagrancy in a court of law in Jacksonville, city, for disorderly loitering. Upon an appeal in the United States Supreme Court, the court declared that the Jacksonville ordinance was largely vague constitutionally, since the ordinance did not create any distinction between the illegal and the innocent activities, thus could end-up criminalizing innocent movement activities such as walking at night or habitual movement which had no visible intent5. This vagueness granted the police arbitrary powers to determine which activities they would interpret as lawful, and which ones to declare innocent, following the lack of well-established laws, which are clearly understood by the entity, and whose procedure is well known5. The Supreme Court therefore held that the defendant would not be criminally liable, under such vague law. The second context under which the rule of law can be confidently applied is to mean; â€Å"rule under the law†6. Here, the concept of the Rule of Law would therefore mean that no one is above the law, and thus no one has the freedom to apply law arbitrarily, even when such an entity is the one formulating such laws. Therefore, the second context of the rule of law anticipates that all individuals and entities will be subjected to equal treatment by the law, and thus no one can be favored, and no one can be prejudiced by the same law, regardless of